不動産登記とは(仮訳)

Real Property Registration System
The real property (real estate) registration system differs in content depending on the country.
In Japan, land and buildings are treated as separate and distinct real property, and registration can also be made separately. This way of thinking and system are similar to those in Taiwan and South Korea, whereas buildings are considered attached to land and rights establishment, registration and transaction cannot be made for solely
buildings in Germany, France, the U.K., the U.S., Australia and other Western countries.
In addition, the indefeasibility of registration also varies depending on the country.
Here is a brief explanation of the real property registration system in Japan.

不動産登記とは
不動産登記は、大切な財産である土地や建物の所在・面積のほか、所有者の住所・氏名などを公の帳簿(登記簿)に記載し、これを一般公開することにより、権利関係などの状況が誰にでもわかるようにし、取引の安全と円滑をはかる役割を果たすものである。
不動産登記法に基づき登記することができる権利は、所有権、地上権、永小作権、地役権、先取特権、質権、抵当権、賃借権、採石権の9種である。占有権、入会権、留置権、使用貸借権は登記できない。
日本では土地と建物は別々の不動産として取り扱われ、登記も別々に行うことができる。

Real Property Registration System
About Real Property Registration
Real property registration is a system for land and buildings, being valuable property, in which the location and area, as well as the owners’ address and name, etc. are stated in a public book (registry) and such made open to
the public, thereby serving the role of making the rights relationship and other status clear to everyone and contributing to the safe and smooth conduct of transactions.
Pursuant to the Real Property Registration Act, there are nine types of rights that can be registered: ownership, superficies, farming right, servitude, statutory lien, pledge, mortgage, right of lease and right of quarrying.
Registrations cannot be made for right of possessory, right of common, right of retention and right of loan for use.
In Japan, land and buildings are treated as separate real property, and registration can also be made separately.
Effect of Registration
(1) Perfection
Acquisitions of, losses of and changes in real rights concerning immovable properties may not be asserted against third parties, unless the same are registered pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Real Property Registration Act and other laws regarding registration (Civil Code Article 177).
The order of priority of rights registered in relation to the same real property shall, unless otherwise provided for in laws and regulations, follow the chronological order of registration (Real Property Registration Act Article 4).
(2) Indefeasibility
A party who has engaged in a transaction of real property having trusted the description in the registration is entitled to acquire such rights under certain requirements even if the registered right holder does not seem to be the true right holder.
Indefeasibility does not apply to registration in Japan. Accordingly, no matter if real property is purchased from a registered right holder thinking that the registered right holder is the true owner, real property cannot be taken away from the true owner if there is a true owner.

登記の効力
(1)対抗力
不動産に関する物権の得喪及び変更は、不動産登記法その他の登記に関する法律の定めるところに従いその登記をしなければ、第三者に対抗することができない(民法177条)。
同一の不動産について登記した権利の順位は、法令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、登記の前後による(不動産登記法第4条)。
(2)公信力
登記上の表示を信頼して不動産の取引をした者は、たとえ登記名義人が真実の権利者でないような場合でも、一定の要件のもとでその権利を取得することが認められる。
日本では、登記の公信力を認めていない。したがって、いくら登記名義人が真実の所有者と思って、その者から不動産を買い受けたとしても、真の所有者がいる場合には、その所有者から不動産を取り上げることは認められない。


Registry Offices
Registry offices are divided between those that conduct registration affairs using a computer system by preparing a registry on a magnetic disk (“computer-based offices”) and those that conduct registration affairs by keeping a registry in binder format in which land/building registration forms are organized in files (“book-based offices”).
(1) Computer-based offices
A registry is prepared on a magnetic disk. At computer-based offices, anyone can be issued a certificate of registered matters (document certifying the whole or part of the registered matters) and anyone can be issued a written outline of registered matters (document stating the outline of registered matters) by submitting a prescribed request form. This certificate of registered matters is the same content as a transcript or extract of a registry.
(2) Book-based offices
A registry, which organizes registration forms in files, consist of a land registry and a building registry. At bookbased offices, anyone can be issued a transcript or extract of a registry and anyone can inspect a registry by submitting a prescribed request form.

登記所
登記所には、磁気ディスクをもって登記簿を調製し、コンピュータ・システムにより登記事務を行っている登記所(以下「コンピュータ庁」)と、土地・建物の登記用紙をつづって編成したバインダー式の登記簿を備え登記事務を行っている登記所(以下「ブック庁」)がある。
(1) コンピュータ庁
登記簿は磁気ディスクをもって調製されている。コンピュータ庁では、所定の請求書を提出すると、だれでも登記事項証明書(登記事項の全部又は一部を証明した書面)の交付を受けることができ、また、だれでも登記事項要約書(登記事項の概要を記載した書面)の交付を受けることができる。なお、この登記事項証明書は、登記簿の謄本・抄本と同じ内容のものである。
(2) ブック庁
登記用紙をつづって編成されている登記簿には、土地登記簿と建物登記簿がある。ブック庁では、所定の請求書を提出すると、だれでも登記簿の謄本・抄本の交付を受けることができ、また、だれでも登記簿を閲覧することができる。

Real Property Registration System
Registration Record (Registry)
A registration is made through the process in which a registrar records matters to be registered in a registry.
A registration record is prepared separately for the heading section and the rights section for each parcel (lot) of land or each building. Furthermore, the rights section is categorized into section A and section B, where matters to be registered in the registration of ownership are recorded in section A and matters to be registered
in the registration of rights other than ownership are recorded in section B.
(1) Matters to be recorded in the heading section
Land: Location, parcel number, land category (current state of land), parcel area (area of land), etc.
Building: Location, parcel number, building number, type, structure, floor area, etc.
(registration in the heading section referred to as “registration of description”)
For condominiums and other condominium units, there are cases in which the right to use the site of the building (right of site) is recorded. For the rights relationship concerning this right of site, public notice is given by registration in section A and section B of the condominium unit.
(2) Matters to be recorded in the rights section (section A)
Matters concerning the owner are recorded, showing who the owner is and when and for what cause (sale/purchase, inheritance, etc.) ownership was acquired (registration of transfer of ownership, provisional registration of ownership, seizure, provisional disposition, etc.).
(3) Matters to be recorded in the rights section (section B)
Matters concerning mortgage and other rights other than ownership are recorded (establishment of mortgage, establishment of superficies, establishment of servitude, etc.).

不動産登記制度
登記記録(登記簿)
登記は、登記官が登記簿に登記事項を記録することによって行われる。
登記記録は、1筆(1区画)の土地又は1個の建物ごとに表題部と権利部に区分して作成される。さらに、権利部は甲区と乙区に区分され、甲区には所有権に関する登記の登記事項が、乙区には所有権以外の権利に関する登記の登記事項がそれぞれ記録される。
(1 ) 表題部の記録事項
土地・・・所在、地番、地目(土地の現況)、地積(土地の面積)など
建物・・・所在、地番、家屋番号、種類、構造、床面積など
(表題部にする登記を「表示に関する登記」という)
マンションなどの区分建物については、その建物の敷地に関する権利(敷地権)が記録される場合がある。この敷地権についての権利関係は、区分建物の甲区、乙区の登記によって公示される。
(2 ) 権利部(甲区)の記録事項
所有者に関する事項が記録される。その所有者は誰で、いつ、どんな原因(売買、相続など)で所有権を取得したかが分かる(所有権移転登記、所有権に関する仮登記、差押え、仮処分など)。
(3 ) 権利部(乙区)の記録事項
抵当権など所有権以外の権利に関する事項が記録される(抵当権設定、地上権設定、地役権設定など)。

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